The events of Romance of the Three Kingdoms take place during and after the demise the Han dynasty, which succeeded the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and before that the Zhou. The influence of Confucianism, a deeply hierarchical, patriarchal, and ritualized philosophy of social order formulated in the time of the late Zhou dynasty, can be felt throughout the Romance. Women, for instance, only become key actors when they are used as pawns to seduce enemies and destabilize states, or when they attempt to meddle in politics and thereby doom their own cause. All leading characters, meanwhile, have a strictly hierarchical view of the world. Nowhere are this themes more visible than in the opening chapters. Readers are presented with a Han state that, through decades of misrule, has fallen into chaos.
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